In the world, India as a country is really important because it is very complex and diverse in nature. The Indian subcontinent has seen the rise of numerous kingdoms. There is a long mediaeval history in which a great empire ruled in India; this is the Mughal empire.
The Mughal Empire played an important role in Indian history and much more in the 16th century. In 1526, the Mughal Empire emerged as the single largest empire during the mediaeval period. In 1556, Babur started the Mughal empire in India after winning the battle with Ibrahim Lodhi.
Background
The Mughal invasion of India was not accidental; it was the outcome of political dynamics in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In last of 14th century Delhi sultanate is getting weak and most of the india provenance announcing themselves independent. Between this Bahlol Lodhi becoming powerful in Punjab, they briefly occupied Delhi. Following the British occupation of Delhi, the Lodhis and the ruler of Jaunpur fought for supremacy along the Ganga-Yamuna valley.
The Lodhis add Jaunpur to their territory and expand it towards Rajasthan and Malwa at the end of the war. After Bahlol Lodhi (1414-1421), his second son Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517) becomes the new emperor of India, bringing about many changes.
In the year 1517, Ibrahim Lodhi started ruling (1517–1526). He was the last ruler of the Lodhi dynasty and the son of Sikandar Lodhi. He introduced the concept of dual monarchy. In 1526, Zahir al-Din Muhammad invaded India with the Battle of Panipat I. In this battle, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and won Indian control.
Zahir al-Din Muhammad (1526–1530)
Babur was born in Fergana (Uzbekistan) in February 1483. With the Battle of Panipat in 1526, he established the Mughal dynasty. His father, Umar Shyakh Mirza, was the ruler of the small principality of Fergana. He was a ruler in his area first.
Firstly, Babur invaded the Indian subcontinent in 1519 A.D. in the Punjab region, which was the dominion of the Lodhis. However, he is failing. Babur had invaded northern India three times by 1526, but he had failed each time. Now in the year 1526, in the Battle of Panipat, Babur met Ibrahim in the north of Delhi.
Babur’s army is larger than Ibrahim’s, and it is equipped with new artillery. Ibrahim’s army has 100 elephants. Babar won the battle easily against Ibrahim Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi was killed in this battle. After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and other provinces.
Battles Babur fought:-
- Panipat I-1526 with Ibrahim Lodhi
- Khanwa (1527) with Rana Sangha
- Chanderi (1528) with Medni Rai
- Ghaghra, 1529, with Afghan forces
After winning all the fights, Babur died in 1530 in Agra at the age of 47. In the same year, his son Humayun ascends to the throne. His tomb was originally built in Agra, but between 1539 and 1544, it was relocated to Kabul, in Bagh-e Babar. He also wrote his biography, whose name is Baburnama.
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1530–40/1555–56)
Humayun, Babur’s elder son, ascended to the throne of the Mughal Empire following his father’s death in 1530. He was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire in two periods.
Humayun was born in Kabul in 1508. At the age of 22, he succeeded to the throne of Delhi. Humayun lost his territory in the Battle of Kannauj against Sher Shah Suri in 1540. Humayun was defeated in this battle.
He left for Lahore and returned in 1555. In between these times, he married and had a son named Akbar. Also, he prepares a strong army against Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545, and his son Sikandar Shah Suri became the new emperor.
The Battle of Sarhind took place in 1555 between Humayun and Sikandar Shah Suri. Humayun triumphed in this battle. He got his throne again, and Humayun ruled the Mughal empire till his death. In 1556, Humayun died at the age of 47 after falling down the stairs of his library. After that, his son Akbar got the throne at the age of 14.
Battles Humayun fought
- Debra, 1531, with Sher Shah Suri
- Chausa, 1539, with Sher Shah Suri
- Kannauj, 1540, with Sher Shah Suri
- Sarhind, 1555, with Sikandar Shah Suri
Jalal al-Din Muhammad (1556–1605)
In 1542, Akbar, the great ruler, was born in Amarkot. He was just 14 years old when he started ruling in the Mughal Empire. Bairam Kahn is the one who is leading him in his initial year.
Marriages and War Success:
- 1556: Panipat with Hemu
- 1561: Malwa with Baz Bahadur
- 1562: Treaty of Aamer with King Bharmal
- Ranthambor and Bundel khand in 1569
- 1573: Gujrat with Muzaffar Shah
- 1576: Haldigati with Maharana Pratap
- 1581: Kabul with Mirza Hakim
- 1586: Kashmir
- 1596: Sindh
- 1599: Ahmed Nagar with Chand Biwi
- 1601: Asigarh
Work and Buildings
- Slavery is abolished in 1562.
- 1563: Pilgrim tax abolished.
- 1564: Jazia tax abolished.
- 1571: Fatehpur Sikari capital
- 1575—Ibadat Khana makes
- 1578: Ibadat Khana (parliament of religion).
- 1582: Din-e-Ilahi
Akbar’s Nine Jewels:
- Birbal: Advisor
- Tansen: Muasician
- Todermal: Financial Minister
- Moan Singh: Chief Commander
- Abdul Rahim (Kaha-e-Khana): Poet
- Abdul Fazal, a poet
- Faizi: poet
- Baghwan Das is a poet.
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- 1659: Devrai with Dara Shikosh
- 1659: Coronation ceremony in Red Fort
- He abolished Jharokha Darshsan in 1669.
- He fired all court musicians in 1669.
- 1670—He abolished the Tuladan ceremony.
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- Nagina Maszid: 1655 A.D.
- Taj Mahal: 1631–1655 A.D.
- Red Fort, 1638 A.D.
- Jama Maszid, 1644 A.D.
- Moti Maszid: 1648 A.D.1679—Re-imposed jaija tax
Buildings :-
- Moti Mahal
- Bibi ka Maqbara
He died in 1707; his tomb is in Aurangabad, India.
After Aurangzeb, there are more rulers, and in 1857, the Mughal Empire ends with Bahadur Shah II. The Mughal Empire was a golden period in Indian history, with more monuments, drawings, and art, among other things. Bahadur shah II also plays an important role in whole incident also gave high support to all the participants and the army chief. Other many rulers ruled india who have ruled for a short period of time. All the Mughal rulers give many artistic things to india and whole wolrd.
- Diwan-e –Aam
- Diwan-e-Khas
- Tuladan systemMulla-do-pyaza: cook
Court and culture:
Buildings:-
- Agra fort
- Fatehpur fort
- Allahabad fort
- Bullanad darwaja
Akbar got sick and died in 1605 because of an illness that followed dysentery. His tomb is at Sikandra in Agra. He passed away at the age of 49. After him, his son Jahangir got the throne.
Nur al-Din Muhammad (1605–1627)
Jahangir was born in Fatehpur Sikri in 1569. He was the son of Akbar. He named him after Sheikh Salim Chisti.
Marriage :-
- 1585: Manbai
- 1587: Jagat Gosai
- 1611: Mehrunisan (Anarkali).
Jahangir was the Mughal emperor with whom Britishers got together in 1608 under Captain Hawkins. In the year 1615, the British ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, lives in his castle and also bribes him with various western things, culture, and a lot more.
Jahangir got influence from his service, and now Sir Thomas is very close to Jahangir. After all of this, East India was granted permission to trade in Gujarat by the ruler in 1618. The East India Company established 23 factories in India in 1647. He died in the year 1627.His tomb is in Lahore.
Shihab al-Din Muhammad (1628–1658)
In 1592, Shajahan was born in Lahore. After Jahangir took the throne in 1628, Shahan reigned during the Golden Age of Buildings .In 1632 A.D., he fought a battle against the Portuguese and took control of the Hugli River.Shajahan also built the city of Shahjahanabad in Delhi. To become emperor, his son Aurangzeb had him arrested in Agra in 1658. Shajahan was assassinated in 1666.
Buildings:-
Takh-e-Taus: March 22, 1635
Muhi al-Din Muhammad (1658–1707)
Aurangzeb was born in 1618 in Gujarat. He arrests his father in order to take the throne. He also murdered his brother in order to condemn Islam.
Events:-
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