There are many different ways in which the environment can affect plant growth. Some of these factors include temperature, light, and water availability. If you want to grow your plants, you need to be aware of these factors to make the right decisions about planting.
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Light
Light is one of the most critical factors that affect plant growth. The amount of light a plant receives depends on many factors, such as season and location. It also plays a significant role in several processes, such as photosynthesis, leaf expansion, and flowering. Plants are food factories, and the amount of light they receive influences their ability to produce carbohydrates, the energy source for photosynthesis.
Light affects plants in several ways, including through its intensity, wavelength, and quality. Although there are several different light spectrums, the essential quality of light for a plant is its energy content.
For optimum growth, a plant requires a certain amount of light. Generally, plants require about 30 to 50 mmol/m2/s of PPFD light. This amount of light will depend on the type of plant. Peppers need at least 5 to 30 mmol/m2/s of blue light.
Red and far-red light also affect the growth of plants. These light waves are responsible for triggering the elongation of stems. They also start the formation of new leaves and the development of chloroplasts.
During photosynthesis, plants use light to synthesize glucose, which is essential for growth. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the red and blue light. If the light is too low, photosynthesis will be insufficient, and plants will die.
Blue light helps plants to develop a healthy root system and to produce thicker leaves. A light-grown seed has more rigid cell walls, and the chemical energy it needs to grow is partially stored.
Phytochromes, phytochrome pigments, are present in green and red plants. These phytochromes regulate the manufacture of chloroplasts and control shade avoidance.
Temperature
Temperature plays a crucial role in plant growth. The ideal daytime temperature is about 70 degrees F. It is recommended to keep nighttime temperatures 10 to 15 degrees lower than the daytime. However, some plants require warmer temperatures to grow.
Research is ongoing to discover which plants are most vulnerable to heat stress. Plants are sensitive to changing temperatures, and they must acclimatize over time to ensure optimal growth.
Temperature can directly impact the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, and other biochemical processes. Some crops can cause deficiencies, even if the nutrients are present in the soil. These deficiencies can result in better-quality vegetables.
One of the most critical ways that temperature influences plant growth is through the root zone. During extreme heat waves, soil temperatures rise, and water transport from the soil to the roots decreases. This change can damage the plants’ roots, causing a decline in overall productivity.
Temperature also affects the quality of plants, as well as their flowering. Keeping the temperature within a plant’s comfort zone is best achieved through consistent ventilation.
Several studies have investigated how different temperature regimes affect plant growth. Scientists have discovered that certain species respond more favorably to cool conditions than others. For instance, many woody plants need two to four weeks of cool temperatures to grow correctly.
In the case of fruit and vegetable crops, high and low temperatures can negatively affect the harvest. Chilling damage, in particular, can affect many leaves. Some plants only respond to chilling during blooming.
Scientists have used various methods to assess how quickly a change in temperature affects plant productivity. They looked at historical observations of the thermal tolerance of wild plants and analyzed climate models.
Elevated CO2
As the earth’s temperatures increase, so will the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). For some crops, the additional CO2 will have an impact on the photosynthesis of the plant. But other plants are expected to benefit from the extra carbon.
Elevated CO2 improves the photosynthetic rate of several plants, such as maize, rice, and wheat. It also reduces the adverse effect of high ozone on rice.
Plants can respond to elevated CO2 by changing the number of minerals and ions they take from the soil. Some elements, such as magnesium and zinc, may be less available at higher concentrations. These changes have been studied in hundreds of plant species.
Elevated CO2 has also been shown to increase the water-use efficiency of crop plants. This has implications for the hydrological cycle of the entire ecosystem.
One of the main effects of increased CO2 on plants is a decrease in stomatal conductance. Stomata are the openings in a plant’s leaves that allow moisture and CO2 to escape. By partially closing the stomata, plants can reduce water loss by up to 20 percent.
Increased CO2 also alters the balance between carbon and nitrogen in the leaf. Nitrogen concentrations in leaves decrease by about 12 percent, and the rate of nitrogen assimilation reduces by about 13%. However, these changes in the stomatal system are only a minor part of the overall picture.
The other main effect of increased CO2 is that it can depolarize the water potential of a cell membrane. This can affect the cell’s size and its ability to carry out chemical reactions.
As the climate changes, the effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth will likely become more widespread. It still needs to be determined how some essential crops can use much additional CO2 for human nutrition.
Drought stress
Drought stress is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses to the plant. It affects all stages of the plant life cycle. Therefore, research into drought tolerance in plants is fundamental.
Adaptation mechanisms are complex and vary among species. This includes physiological responses, molecular signals, and the escape strategy. These adaptive mechanisms can be altered to improve the plant’s drought stress tolerance.
The molecular and genetic bases of water stress resistance need to be understood. To do so, scientists must study the arid environments where droughts occur. Research should focus on plants in these regions.
There are three main aspects to understanding drought. First, you must understand the role of temperature. Temperature-dependent climate changes will exacerbate deficits around the world. Second, you must understand the interactions between different disturbances. A third factor to consider is the intensity of the precipitation. It would help if you also kept in mind that other species respond differently to different degrees of water deficit.
During the onset of drought, the vascular bundle diameter of leaves is altered. Water loss from leaves exceeds the rate of water uptake through roots in dry environments.
Plants increase their root length and number to compensate for the reduced water supply. They also improve the sugar content of their leaves. However, these modifications may need to be revised to cope with drought.
One of the most common survival strategies is to escape. Typically, the best escape strategy is to flower early. Early flowering can decrease the final productivity of the plant.
Aside from these morphological and anatomical responses, plants also develop several metabolic mechanisms to increase their ability to survive under various conditions. In this regard, the gene coding regularity protein plays an important role. Through cross-talk, it regulates many other signaling genes.
Vascular cambium
Vascular cambium is a lateral meristem in woody plants and produces secondary vascular tissues. Various environmental factors determine its growth, including local atmospheric conditions, temperature, and water balance. A large global forest growing stock has been estimated at 530.5 billion m3.
A layer of bark surrounds the vascular cambium. During the dormant phase, cambial initials possess a few small vacuoles. When the secondary phloem swells, the cambial zone becomes tense in the radial direction. This may cause the tangential walls to separate. Alternatively, stretching the tangential walls can lead to the separation of fusiform initials.
In non-storeyed cambia, circumferential expansion occurs via oblique anticlinal divisions. These divisions are less than half of the cell length and do not interfere with the process of story formation. Moreover, they do not affect the inclination of the elongated fusiform initial.
The vascular cambium is a cylinder of multilayered meristem cells. There are two types of cambium structures: fusiform and mosaic.
However, the role of the vacuolar compartment in the initials needs to be clarified.
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Intrusive growth is another standard process in the vascular cambium. Rather than causing the immediate separation of the tangential walls, invasive growth enables simultaneous initiative growth along the divergent fence of the neighboring initials.
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